TRANSITIVE VERBS

requires a direct object (DO) which can be a noun, a pronoun or a noun phrase and completes the sentence’s meaning. The DO answers the question what? or whom?.
Most kids like ice cream.
This issue really annoys me.
I’ve just heard that he was fired.

DITRANSITIVE VERBS

many common verbs in English (tell, give, read, buy, show, write etc.) can have two objects. A direct and an indirect object (ID).  The indirect object is a noun or pronoun that indicates to whom or for whom the action of a verb in a sentence is performed. Normally the ID comes between the verb and the direct object. Thus, we say:

The teacher gave the students some homework.
Jordan passed him the ball.
I made my girlfriend a cake.

However, it can be the other way round, but in this instance the indirect object is preceded by the preposition TO or FOR. (prepositional phrase). This order of words is preferred when both objects are pronouns(1) or the indirect object is long(2).
I made it for us. (1)
Give it to him. (1)
I ordered a drink for every one of us. (2)

The teacher gave some homework to the students.
Jordan passed the ball to him.
I made a cake for my girlfriend.

INTRANSITIVE VERBS

cannot have a direct object and neither can build passive voice. These verbs often involve weather terms (rain, snow, blow), motion (jump, rise, sink, arrive) bodily functions (grow, cry, cough, laugh, sneeze, sleep) or involuntary processes (die, happen, deteriorate). They answer the question like where?, when?, how?, or how long?

• I get up early in the morning. ← (prepositional phrase)
• The soldier died in the battle. ← (prepositional phrase)
• The ship sank quickly. ← (adverb)
• The patient’s health deteriorated.
• The train has finally arrived.

AMBITRANSITIVE VERBS

Unlike other languages, English is rather flexible in this regard –  a large number of verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. We can say:

• I don’t understand or I don’t understand this.
• She often reads or she often reads the New York Times.
• She sings well or she is singing the anthem.
• I wanted to help her. But she refused. or She refused my help.

Some verbs change their meaning whether being used transitively or intransitively:

• She is running in the park.
• She runs a hotel that she inherited from her father.
• My cousin has grown a lot recently.
• My cousin grows tomato in his garden.
• Phil is sitting on his bed.
• Phil is sitting his final exam at school.
• I’m sitting my nephew until his parents come back.
• I hope she won’t give up. (to stop trying)
• She will never give up smoking. (renounce, forgo something)